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Of 5000 front JC has our Days
 

Research carried out by the Rumanian archaeologists with Bugiulesti, in the department of Vilcea, traces of the presence revealed human dating from the paleolithic inferior (approximately two million years before J. - C).

These traces count among oldest of Europe. It is only from Neolithic era (6-5.000 years before J. - C.) that one can speak about one relatively stable population.
At that time a remarkable culture at summer created, on the current territory of Romania, illustrated by the polychrome ceramics of Cucuteni.
 

During first half of thousand-year-old Ier before J. - C., the tribes Geto-daces separate in the carpato-Danubian-pontique zone.
All this is recalled for the first time in the historical work written by Hérodote, the father of the history (IVème century before J. - C.).
Burebista (82-towards 44 before J. - C.), contemporary of Cesar, succeeds in linking for the first time the tribes Geto-daces and provides the foundations of a kingdom powerful.
In Ier Century before J. - C., parallel to the expansion of the Empire Romain, the Danube became the border between the Romain Empire and the world dace, on one outdistance of 1500 km.
 

During the reign of king Décébale, Dacie knows very large rise.
Continuation with the first confrontation with the Romain Empire, during the reign of Domitien (87-89), two other wars (101-102 and 105-106) were necessary so that the Romain Empire (at that time with the apogee of its capacity) can overcome Décébale and transform largest part of the kingdom dace in Roman province.
 

Trajane column, high with Rome, and the triumphal monument of Adamclisi (in Dobroudja) evoke this military effort, followed by one massive and systematic colonization of the conquered territories.
Well that they had undergone important losses; Daces remained afterwards introduction of the new administration the dominating ethnic element.
 

They were subjected to the complex process of Romanization, with sound essential attribute - acceptance gradual, but final, of Latin language.
 

Afterwards withdrawal of the army and the administration Romans of Dacie, with south of the Danube, on the order of the emperor Aurélien (270-275), them autochtones Daco-Romans remained, during a few centuries, in the sphere of influence political, economic, religious and cultural Romain Empire and, after his scission, under that of the Empire Byzantine.
 

They survived the successive invasions of the migrating people.
At the same time with the completion of ethno-cultural symbiosis Daco-Roman, accomplished in VIème & VIIème centuries by the training of the Rumanian people, the Daco-Romans adopted Latin Christianity in Ier-IVème centuries.

Thus be explained the fact that, in VIème - VIIème centuries, when it process of training of the Rumanian people was completed, this one appears on the scene of the history like Christian people.
It is why, against the close people, which have dates of baptism defined (the Bulgarian ones - 865, the Serb ones - 874, Poles - 966, them Slavic of the East - 988, Hungarians - the year 1000), the Roumanians do not have no the date of baptism, being Christian of birth.
With IVèm - XIIIème centuries, the Rumanian people resisted in front of invasions of the migrating people - Goths, Huns, Gépides, Avars, the Slavic ones, Pétchénègues, Coumans, Tatars - who crossed the Rumanian territory.
 

Slavic, benches in great number in the south of the Danube since VIIème century, determined the dislocation of the compact mass of the Roumanians of carpato-Balkan territory, insulating those which lived in the north of The Danube (the Daco-Rumanian ones) of those which lived in the south, moved towards the west and the south-east of the Balkan Peninsula (Roumanians of Macedonia, Mégléno-Roumanians and Istro-Roumanians).
Gradually, the Slavic ones established in the north of the Danube were assimilated by the people Rumanian.
 

Membership with the orthodoxe religion determined the Roumanians to adopt the old man Slavic (ecclesiastic) like language of worship and, since XIVème - XVIème centuries like language of chancellery and culture.
 

slavon - which was never a living language spoken by the people on the Rumanian territory - for the Roumanians at a certain time had the Middle Ages, the same role as Latin for the Occident.
With the paddle of the modern time, Rumanian definitively replaced in the worship, in the chancellery and the culture.
 

With to leave Xème century, Byzantine, Slavic and Hungarian sources, later Western, announce the existence of some formations of State of the Rumanian population - principalities and voïvodats - initially in Transylvania and Dobroudja, then, in XIIème - XIIIème centuries in the areas of the east and the south of Carpates.
 

With Xème - XIIème centuries, in spite of the resistance opposed by principalities and the Rumanian voïvodats, the Hungarians succeed with to occupy Transylvania and to include it with the Hungarian kingdom (until the beginning of XVIème century, in the form of an autonomous voïvodat).
 

With XIIème - XIIIème centuries, to consolidate its capacity in Transylvania, where the Roumanians always were, along the centuries, the strongly majority ethnic element and to defend them borders in the south and the east of the voïvodat the Hungarian crown made to colonize by groups of Szekler and Germans (Saxon) of the areas of border.
With XIVème century, for one period of retreat of the imperial capacities neighbors, two feudal States independent constitute themselves in the south and with is of Carpates: Walachia - during the reign of Basarab Ier (1310) and Moldavia, during the reign of Bogdan Ier (1359).
 

With XIVème - XVème centuries, the Hungarian and Polish kingdoms go to test itself, but without success, to annex the two principalities.
With run of second half of XIVème century, a new danger appears for the Rumanian countries: Othoman Empire.

Only or combined with the close Christian countries, generally with the voïvodes of the two other principalities, voïvodes of Walachia, Mircea the Old one (1386-1418) and Vlad Tepes (Empalor 1456-1462), Etienne it Large (1457-1504), prince of Moldavia or the voïvode of Transylvania, Iancu de Hunedoara (1441-1456) carried out keen fights of defence against the Turks slowing down their entry in Europe.

But the transformation of all the Balkan Peninsula into Turkish territory has obliged Walachia and Moldavia (then Transylvania) to recognize, for more than three centuries, the suzerainty of the Othoman Empire.
Afterwards the conquest of Buda and the transformation of Hungary into pachalik, Transylvania becomes, it also, principality (1541), all in recognizing the suzerainty of the Othoman Empire, like the two others Rumanian principalities.
 

End of XVième century is dominated by the personality of Michel it Brave man, who succeeds, after keen fights (Calugareni, Giurgiu), to reconquer the independence of Walachia.
 

During the years 1599-1600 it joins together for the first time in the history all territories inhabited by the Roumanians, by proclaiming prince of Walachia, of Transylvania and Moldavia.
Well that it was assassinated little of time after, the act of the union carried out by this honest prince a value of symbol in the conscience of the generations will have future.
 

End of XVIIème and the beginning of the XVIIIème centuries made modifications radical on the political chess-board centers and Eastern-European.
 
After the failure undergone by the Othoman Empire with the head office of Vienna (1683), the Empire of Habsbourg begins its expansion towards the south-east of Europe and appendix Transylvania (1699).
 
The dream ambitious of the Russian tsars to have the straits of Dardanelles, from the Bosphorus and Constantinople places the Rumanian Principalities ahead of the Russian expansionism.
 
Located at borders of the three great empires and wished by each one of those, Walachia, Moldavia and Transylvania became, for more than 150 years, not only one object of argument, but a field of also battle, where the armies of these empires clashed.
 
During many wars carried out by Russia and Austria against the Empire Othoman (1710-1711, 1716-1718, 1735-1739, 1768-1774, 1787-1792, 1806-1812, 1828-1829, 1853-1856), confrontations which took place on the Rumanian territory, always doubled by a military occupation foreign, prolonged often even after the wars properly-known as, not only devastations produced and destruction or displacements of population, but also the painful ones territorial amputations of the Rumanian provinces.
 
Thus, Austria temporarily annexed Olténie (1718-1739) and the part of north of Moldavia named Bucovine (1775-1918).
Following the Russo-Turkish war of 1806-1812, Russia annexes is principality of Moldavia, the territory which is between the rivers Prut and Dniestr: Bessarabia (1812-1918).
With XVIIIème and at the beginning of the XIXème centuries, there were important economic changes and social.
 
The idea main road, like everywhere in Europe, starts to slip into the dreams intellectuals and constitutes the base of the plans for the future of Rumanian politicians.
 
Union of one part of the orthodox clergy of Transylvania with the Catholic Church (Greco-catholic), realized during the years 1699-1701, played an important role in the process of emancipation of the Roumanians of Transylvania.
 
Their fight for equal rights with other nationalities (though they represented more than 60% of the population of the principality, they were considered tolerated in their own country) was started by the Archbishop Inochentie Micu-Klein and continued by the intellectuals within the framework Transylvanian School. In Walachia, the hopes of renewal find their expression in the revolution control by Tudor Vladimirescu (1821).
 
Although them Othoman armies and tsarists repressed the movement, the result was the abolition of the mode phanariote and the appointment of prince’s autochtones in Moldavia and Walachia.
 

The year 1848 attract in its revolutionary effervescence also the Principalities Rumanian, bearing in the foreground of the political life pleiad remarkable intellectuals, such as Ion Heliade-Radulescu, Nicolae Balcescu, Mihail Kogalniceanu, Simion Barnutiu, Avram Iancu and others.
 

If in Moldavia the disorders are quickly extinguished, in Walachia the revolutionists exert indeed the power during June - September 1848.
In Transylvania, the revolution is prolonged until 1849; incapacity Hungarian leaders to include/understand the accuracy of the claims of Roumanians and their decision to annex Transylvania in Hungary had like result the scission of the revolutionary forces of the Roumanians and of the Hungarians.
 

Hungarian government tried to liquidate the fight of the Roumanians, but it met the armed resistance baited in the Mountains Apuseni, led by Avram Iancu.
 

Though the brutal intervention of the Othoman armies, tsarists and Austria-Hungarian women had triumphed during the years 1848-1849, innovation of the democratic ideas gained everywhere ground in following decade.
 

With Congress of peace of Paris (February - March 1856), after the war of The Crimea (1853-1856), the statute of the Danubian principalities (Walachia and Moldavia) acquired dimensions of a European problem.
All while remaining under Othoman suzerainty; Walachia and Moldavia were under the guarantee of the seven capacities signatories of the Treaty from Paris.
 

Seven protective capacities approved in a reduced measurement those claims of the Roumanians.
January 5-17, 1859, in Moldavia and January 24 - February 5, 1859, in Walachia, the Roumanians elected Alexandru Ioan Cuza as reigning prince single, thus carrying out the union of the two principalities.
January 24 - February 5, 1862, the Rumanian national State adopted the name from Romania and the capital in Bucharest established. Assisted by Mihail Kogalniceanu, it’s to advise nearer and collaborator, Alexandu Ioan Cuza implemented a program of reforms which had the merit of to continue the modernization of the structures of the Rumanian State.
 

May 10, 1866, after the abdication of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, following one votes by plebiscite, Carol (Charles) of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was proclaimed the reigning prince of Romania.
New Constitution, promulgated in 1866 (into force until 1923) has proclaimed Romania constitutional monarchy (1881).
May 9-21, 1877, in a favourable international economic situation, Romania proclaimed its independence of State. Mihail Kogalniceanu Was Foreign Minister.
With the request for assistance formulated by the Russians, the government led by Ion C. Bratianu decided to link the Rumanian forces with those Russian who operated on the face of Bulgaria.
 

Congress International of peace of Berlin (June July 1878) confirms the independence of Romania and restores its rights on Dobroudja, province which was for a very long period under Othoman domination.
In Transylvania, the signature of the agreement which provided the foundations of reconstitution of the Hungarian State after more than three centuries since its collapse and of the formation of the Empire of Austria-Hungary (1867) has have serious consequences for the Roumanians of this country.
 

Transylvania lost the autonomy which it had had during the domination Austrian and was incorporated in Hungary.
Legislation of Budapest, which proclaimed the existence of only one nation - that Hungarian - the destruction of other nationalities aimed at by their forced migration.
 

During this period, the Rumanian National Party of Transylvania played a part important in the assertion of the national identity of the Roumanians.
 

It became the spokesman of the fight for the recognition of the equality rights of Rumanian nationality and resistance opposed to projects of denationalization.
 

In 1892, the national fight of the Roumanians knew one very important moment: the Memorandum, which drew the attention of * the emperor Franz Joseph Ier and of the European public opinion on the claims of Roumanians and on the intolerance of the government of Budapest in what concerned the national problem. Years 1878-1914 one represented for Romania one period of stability and of progress.
 

Political life concentrated around the two great parties - the Party conservative (Catargiu Rogue, P.P. Carp, Gh. Grigore Cantacuzino, Titu Maiorescu) and the liberal Party (Ion C. Bratianu, Dimitrie A. Sturdza, Ion I.C. Bratianu, etc).
 

Alternation of these parties to the government of the country represents the characteristic feature system of government of the time.
The expansionist policy of Russia determined Romania to sign, in 1883, a secret treaty of alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy, renewed periodically to the First World War.
In August 1914, at the beginning of the First World War, Romania proclaimed its neutrality.
 

Two years later, it is allied with the Agreement, who promised to help with the realization of the national unit. The government led by Ion I.C.Bratianu declared the war in Austria-Hungary.
 

After initial successes, the Rumanian army was obliged to withdraw itself in Moldavia.
During the summer of the year 1917, in the great battles of Marasesti and Oituz, the Roumanians destroyed the attempt of the Central Powers to Eliminate Romania from the war by the occupation of the remainder of its territory. The triumph of the right of the people to the self-determination which was essential towards the end of the First World War was with the Service of the cause of the Roumanians of the Empires Tsarist and Austro-Hungarians.
 
November 15-28, 1918, the National Council of Bucovine votes the union of this principality with Romania. November 18 - December 1st, 1918, the French National Assembly of Alba Iulia, in Transylvania in the presence of more than 100.000 Roumanians the union of Transylvania and Banat with Romania votes.
 
The international treaties of peace of the years 1919-1920 which fixed the statute of new European realities sanctioned the union of all the provinces inhabited by the Roumanians in only one State (295.042 km2, with a population of 15, 5 million inhabitants).
 
The introduction of the universal vote, the application of a land reform, adoption of a new constitution, one of most democratic of Europe created a democratic general framework and allowed a fast economic development. (During the years 1923-1938, the industrial production of Romania doubled). With the 7, 2 million tons of oil extracted in 1937, Romania was the second European producer and the seventh world one.
 
Objectives of the foreign policy of the inter-war period, where Nicolae Titulescu played a paramount part, aimed at maintaining the status quo territorial by the creation of regional alliances, to support the Company of the Nations, the policy of collective security and the development of a close cooperation with the democratic countries of the Occident - France and Great Britain.

In 1920-1921, with Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, Romania provided the foundations of the Little Entente and concluded, in 1934, a new organization of regional safety - the Balkan Agreement - with Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey.
 
When the Second World War burst, Romania proclaimed its neutrality (on September 6, 1939), but the defeats undergone by France and Great Britain into 1940 create in Romania a dramatic situation.
 
Starting to apply the indications of the secret protocol soviet-German of August 23, 1939, the Soviet government obliged Romania, by the ultimate of June the 26, and 28 1940 to yield Bessarabia tohim, the north of Bucovine and region of Herta, who had never belonged to Russia.
 
Italy and Germany granted (on August 30, 1940) to Hungary the part of the North-West of Transylvania with a Rumanian majority population.
 
September 7, 1940, following the Roumano-Bulgarian negotiations of Craiova, a treaty was signed by which the south of Doubroudja (the Quadrilateral) returned to Bulgaria.
 

The crisis engraves summer of 1940 had like consequence the abdication of the king Carol (Charles) II in favour of his son Mihai (Michel) Ier (on September 6, 1940). The General Ion Antonescu (marshal since October 1941) seized the power.
 
In its desire to reconquer the territories lost in 1940, Ion Antonescu took part in the sides of Germany, with the war against the Soviet Union (1941).August 23, 1944, on the order of King Michel Ier, the marshal Ion Antonescu is stopped. The new government formed of soldiers and technicians declare the war in Germany (on August 24, 1944).
 
Romania, with all its economic and military potential, joins itself the United Nations until the end of the war in Europe. In spite of the human efforts and economic facts for the cause of the
United Nations during new months, the Peace treaty of Paris (on February 10, 1947) did not recognize in Romania the statute of cobelligerent to the war and obliged to pay Great War damages. However, the treaty recognized the membership of the North-East of Transylvania in Romania, but Bessarabia, the north of Bucovine and the region of Herta remained annexed in the USSR.
 
 
Under the conditions of the parking of the Soviet armies on the Territory of Romania given up by the capacities of the Occident, for the following period knew a similar evolution with those of the other satellites of the Soviet Union.
 
The Communists seized the capacity, the political parties were removed, their persecuted and imprisoned members.
 
King Mihai (Michel) Ier was obliged to abdicate. The same day, December 30, 1947, the Rumanian Popular Republic was proclaimed and one introduced the Dictatorship of the single party, based on a monitor and repression omnipotent and omnipresent.
 
Followed the nationalization of the industrial companies, banking and of transport (1948), the forced collectivization of agriculture (1949-1962), having like principal objective the industrialization of the Stalinist type. Romania became founder member of the CMEA (1949) and the Treaty of Warsaw (1955).
 
With the death of the leader of the time of post-war period, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, in 1965, the direction of the party and then of the State was monopolized by Nicolae Ceausescu. Dictatorship of the Ceausescu family, one of the absurdest totalitarian governments of Europe of this century, with a worship of the pathological personality, like result had, among others, economic distortions, and the degradation of the social and moral life, the insulation of the country by the international community.
 
Under these conditions, the flame of the started revolution on December 16, 1989 in Timisoara was quickly spread in all the country. December 22, by the sacrifice of more than 1 000 people, the dictatorship was abolished.

The revolution opened the prospect with D setting-up for the democracy and the pluralist political system, with the return to the market economy and rehabilitation in the economic area, policy and cultural European.
 
The capacity was assumed by the Face of the National Hello, who proclaimed the suppression of the communist structures, the promotion of the market economy and behaviour of free elections.
 
In a rather short interval, historical political parties, removed at the time of the advent of the communist mode, took again their activity. New political parties were constituted (more than 250 parties).
 
Legislative and presidential elections were held (in 1990, 1992, 1996 and 2000), just as of the elections for the bodies of the local government, under conditions of pluralism and freedom.
 

A new Constitution of Romania was written voted and promulgated (1991): these Constitution democratic stipulations, in conformity with the European standards. Romania is member of the Council of Europe (1993) and to become Member of NATO and of the European Union. Romania was the first to sign the Partnership for Peace, in January 1994. Romania definitively returned to the democratic traditions.

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