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Arts plastics

Width and the glare of the frescos of the monasteries of Voronet, Moldovita, Sucevita,Arbore, Humor, Patrauti determined the large byzantinologist André Grabar to consider this artistic phenomenon as "a book magazine open to all its pages ".

All by preserving its bonds with the funds Byzantine, the culture of the time modern proclamation a strong tendency of rallying to the movements artistic Europeans, from where came, successively, of the echoes reappearing, romantic, academic, impressionist.

Nicolae Grigorescu and Ion Andreescu work one period with Barbizon, at the sides artists who started the impressionist movement.
These two painters, at the sides of Stefan Luchian, which brings elements of Art New and expressionists, constitute the triad of the founders of modern Rumanian painting.

They will be follow-ups, in first half of this century, by the powerful ones personalities, which opened new ways in painting Rumanian.

Afterwards to have begun before the Second World war, a series of artists continue their activity during the following decades, making increase the national artistic inheritance, in spite of the vicissitudes of the time totalitarian.

Let us quote Ion Tuculescu, Henri Catargi, Alexandru Ciucurencu, Margareta Sterian, Corneliu Baba. A part of the Rumanian painters of value of this period worked especially abroad.

Rumanian modern sculpture was marked by the appearance of Constantin Brancusi, that which made restructure the sculptural language of our century.

If Brancusi revitalized the abstract expression of antiquated art, Dimitrie Paciurea moved towards the mythological representations, figurative and fantastic of the old repertories symbolic systems, of which them functions are still current.

Lastly, Gheorghe D. Anghel brought to the Rumanian sculpture of our century purity and the severity of the Byzantine form, controlled by one nourished spirit of traditional ideals.

Painting saw to continue, during last decades, of news generations, which are referred in a creative way to the values of inheritance. One notice personalities such as Octav Grigorescu, Florin Niculiu, Georgeta Naparus and Ion Bitzan, disappeared recently, of the artists such as Horia Bernea, Ion Nicodim, Ion Pacea, Viorel Marginean, Gheorghe Taru, Sorin Ilfoveanu, Florica Cercel, Petru Lucaci, Ioana Batrinu.
post-modern generation, marked in the years ' 80,

a number remarkable artists: Marilena Preda-Sanc, Teodor Graur, DaN Mihaltianu, Al. Patapici, Iosif Kiraly, Dorel Sheathed, Radu Igoszag.

sculpture of the post-war period recovered, especially in the years sixty, of the directions developing the way opened by Brancusi, enters popular art and the modern plastic thought.

In testify works of George Apostu, Ovidiu Maitec, Gheorghe Iliescu-Calinesti, Mihai Buculei, Napoleon Tiron.

To leave the Seventies, one organized symposiums of sculpture, colonies of creation become true museums in the open air, with Magura Buzaului, Cascioarele, Arcus, Galati, Buteni, etc.

Painters

• Nicolae Grigorescu
• Stefan Luchian
• Bandac
• George Lovendal
   

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Contemporary sculptors
 

• Constantin Brancusi
   

Contemporary illustrator

• Elena Boariu

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Arts traditional
 

• Eggs painted of Bucovine
• Black pottery of Marginea

Books

In the museums of the monasteries of Romania manuscripts are preserved of great artistic value, written in slavon, Greek and Rumanian.

During the first decades of XIVème century are founded printing works In Bucharest, Targoviste, Brasov, Iasi, Alba Iulia, Ramnic, Buzau, Blaj.

With to start from 1559, the Coresi deacon deploys a supported activity with sound printing works of Brasov, where it prints in Rumanian Catehismul (It Catechism) in 1559, followed by Tetraevanghelul (the Gospel) in 1561, Apostolul (the Apostle) in 1563, Liturghierul (Book of mass) and Psaltirea.

(Psautier) in 1570, Evanghelia Cu Invataturi (the Gospel with lesson) in 1581, Palia of OrastiE (the Bible of Orastie) in 1582.

Divanul sau galceava Inteleptului Cu lumea (the couch or the argument of the wise one with the world), published in 1698, the first philosophical writing in Rumanian, Had In Dimitrie Cantemir.

Capetele of porunca (chiefs of command), appeared in 1714, a handbook of civil law written by the métropolite Antim Ivireanul, Jurnalul of calatorie In Clouded (Voyage in China), appeared of 1675 to 1678, in three volumes due to Nicolae Milescu, Fiziologul (1693), popular handbook of zoology translates by Costea Dascalul of Scheii Brasovului, Istoria politica if geografica has Tarilor Romanesti (political and geographical History of the Countries Roumanians 1688-1695) of Constantin Cantacuzino also count among the great values of inheritance of old Rumanian books.

Literature

literary works which represent a first stage of the evolution modern Rumanian literature belong to a generation of writers affirmed in the Forties of XIXéme century, at the time history marked by social transformations and given policies by the revolutions of 1848: Vasile Alecsandri (1818-1890), Mihail Kogalniceanu (1817-1891), Russo Alecu (1819-1859), Nicolae Balcescu (1819-1852), Dimitrie Bolintineanu (1819-1872), Gheorghe Baritiu (1812-1893), Ion Ghica (1816-1897). second half of the XIXème century was, in the field of creation arts person, one time of remarkable rise, even of apogee.

It is the time of great classic of the Rumanian literature: the poet national, Mihai Eminescu (1850-1889), prosateurs Ion Creanga (1839-1889) and Ioan Slavici (1848-1925), the playwright and prosator I.L. Caragiale (1852-1912), the poet Alexandru Macedonski (1854-1920), it critical arts person and cultural mentor Titu Maiorescu (1840-1917).

With XXème century, before the introduction of Communism following the blow of State of August 23, 1944, the Rumanian literature recorded an evolution ascending, culminating by the brilliant generation of the marked writers in the inter-war period: Mihail Sadoveanu (1880-1961), Liviu Rebreanu (1885-1944), Lucian Blaga (1895-1961), Papadat-Bengescu Hydrangea (1875-1955), Camil Petrescu (1894-1957).

In the Sixties, a new generation of writers, then young for the majority, was noticed by creations of value.

Theirs names constitute from now on solid reference marks of the literature Rumanian contemporary: Sailor Preda (1922-1981), Emil Botta (1912-1977), Nicolae Labis (1935-1956), Nichita Stanescu (1933-1983), Marine Sorescu (1936-1996), Nicolae Breban (born in 1934), Augustin Buzura (born in 1938), D.R. Popescu (born in 1935), Ioan Alexandru (1941-2000) Cléopatra Lorintiu.

Several publishers make appear books in the languages of the minorities main roads.
 

Authors:

• Ion Creanga
• Mihai Eminescu
• Mircea Eliade
• Emil Michel Cioran
• Mihai Sadoveanu
• Vasile Alecsandri
   

Contemporary authors:

• Cléopatra Lorintiu
• Marthe Bibesco
• Calistrat Hogas
• Ion Gramada
   

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Theatre

In 1817, were inaugurated the Theatre of Oravita, the first theatre in Rumanian language, and in 1918, the Theatre of Arad.
Literary company, founded in 1827, gave an impulse to the life theatrical of Bucharest. Its promoters founded the School of art dramatic, giving a permanent character on the stage performances.
Philharmonic-dramatic academy was founded in Iasi in 1836. The first theatres were, in 1848, that of Iasi, and in 1852 it Theatre of Bucharest, having a room of 1.000 places.
bases of the modern Rumanian theatre were thrown by the prosator and playwright Ion Luca Caragiale (1852-1912). Gallery of large actors who affirmed themselves during the first decades of activity National Theatre of Bucharest it is necessary to quote: Grigore Manolescu, Stefan Iulian, Aristizza Romanescu, C. I Nottara, Aristide Demetriad, Ion Brezeanu.
During the inter-war period, the Rumanian dramatic literature develops, tackling the essential problems of the human existence, considered under a philosophical angle.
more representative playwrights of this period are: Camil Petrescu (1894-1957), Lucian Blaga (1895-1961), Victor Eftimiu (1889-1972), Mihail Sebastian (1907-1945), Victor Ion Popa (1895-1946) and Tudor Musatescu (1903-1970).
In the Rumanian contemporary dramaturgy are registered authors of reference, such as: Horia Lovinescu, Teodor Mazilu, D.R. Popescu, Marine Sorescu, Tudor Popescu, Iosif Naghiu, Matéi Visniec.
Among the most important directors, it is necessary to quote, after precursors Sica Alecsandrescu and Ion Sava, Liviu Ciulei, Lucian Pintilie, Ion Cojar, Silviu Purcarete, Catalina Buzoianu.
 

Authors:
 

•  Matéi Visniec
•  Eugene Ionesco
•  Pascu Balaci
  
   

Contemporary Actors:

         Music

periods which followed the Union of the Rumanian Principalities (1859) and conquest of the independence of State of Romania (1877) recorded a development of the cultural and artistic values Rumanian.
first Academies of music and declamation were founded with Iasi (1860) and Bucharest (1864); in 1868, the Company was created Philharmonic Rumanian.
Being inspired folklore, type-setters such as Alexandru Flechtenmacher, Eduard Caudella, Gavril Musicescu, Ciprian Porumbescu, Gheorghe Dima compose of the music choral society and vocal-instrumental, of the operas, the operettas and light comedies.
Work and the activity of these founders of the professional Rumanian music the birth and the assertion of the national musical school mark, also announcing the appearance of a genious musician: George Enesco (George Enesco, 1881-1955), of which creation, extending on six decades, crosses several historical stages of the music, raising the value of the modern Rumanian music on the level of universal art.
Same generation as Enesco, in the national musical culture D are imposed.G. Kiriac, Sabin Dragoi, Dimitrie Cuclin, Martian Negrea, Mihail Jora, Al. Zirra, Paul Constantinescu, Tiberiu Brediceanu. During last decades also a generation was essential of leaders of great value, just like of soloists instrumentalists and singers of opera.
 

• Sergiu Celibidache
• Georges Enesco
• Dinu Lipatti
• Ciprian Porumbescu

Cinema

In 1896, in Bucharest, the drafting of the newspaper Rumanian Independence lodged the first cinematographic projections of films of the brothers Light.

In 1902, a Rumanian photographer, Paul Small, carry out the first current events cinematographic, filmed in Bucharest and Galati with an apparatus Light.

Founder Rumanian School of animation, Ion Popescu-Gopo begins in 1951. Its film "Short history" gains, in 1957, "the Palm of gold "in Cannes. In 1959 one inaugurated the cinematographic Studios of Buftea.

1960 saw the beginnings of the realizer Liviu Ciulei, with "Floods of the Danube", film which gained the "Earth of crystal "with Karlovy Vary. In 1965, Liviu Ciulei is seen decreeing with the Festival of Cannes the price for better put in scene, its film "the forest of hung" being regarded as a masterpiece.

One sees to affirm oneself, gradually, a generation of large realizers: Iulian Mihu, Manole Marcus, Malvina Ursianu, Gheorghe Vitanidis, Andrei Blaier.

the most important films of the five last years production are: "the oak" and "an unforgettable summer", "Too late" (1996) of Lucian Pintilie, "11th command "," marital bed "," nausea " and "the senator of snails" of Mircea Daneliuc, "Hotel of luxury "(which gained the money Lion to the Festival of Venice, in 1992), "Pépé and Fifi" and "the Man of the moment" of Dan Pita, "Established fact" of Stere Gulea, "Princes of Old Court "and" the Woman in red "of Mircea Veroiu.

Rumanian television: Documentary, concept of emission, interviews.Television:

• Cléopatra Lorintiu

Contemporary actor

• Elvire Popesco